One port complex transmission and group delay measurements

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for characterizing transmission coefficient and group delay for a bi-directional two port device under test (DUT) using only one port of a measurement device, such as a vector network analyzer (VNA). The apparatus in one embodiment includes a programmable switch for coupling to one DUT port to selectively provide an open or a short. The measurement device is controlled to measure a reflection coefficient with the open at the DUT port and another reflection coefficient with a short at the DUT port. The measurement device then calculates a transmission coefficient magnitude value and a transmission coefficient phase angle for the DUT using the open reflection coefficient and the short reflection coefficient measurements. Group delay can then also be calculated using phase angle measurements at different frequencies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the measurement of S-parameters of adevice under test (DUT). More particularly, the present inventionrelates to a measurement device such as a vector network analyzer (VNA)configured to measure the transmission coefficient and group delay of abi-directional two port DUT.

2. Description of the Related Art

Traditionally, a VNA having two measurement ports has been used todetermine the S-parameters and group delay of a two port DUT. TheS-parameters consist of S₁₁, S₁₂, S₂₁, and S₂₂. S₁₂ is the transmissioncoefficient for the first DUT port, and S₂₁ is the transmissioncoefficient for the second DUT port. Each transmission coefficient iscomprised of a magnitude and a phase angle. Group delay is the change inthe transmission coefficient phase angle with respect to the change inthe frequency of a signal traveling through the DUT.

When using two VNA measurement ports, the transmission coefficients andgroup delay are measured as follows. The first DUT port is excited by afirst input signal from a first VNA measurement port, and a second VNAmeasurement port measures an output signal at the second DUT port. Thesecond DUT port is excited by a second input signal from the second VNAmeasurement port, and the first VNA measurement port measures an outputsignal at the first DUT port.

The S₁₂ transmission coefficient is determined by measuring the returnloss and phase change in a signal at the second measurement port thatwas received through the DUT from the first measurement port. Similarly,the S₂₁ transmission coefficient is determined by measuring the returnloss and phase change in a signal at the first measurement port that wasreceived through the DUT from the second measurement port.

Group delay for the DUT is calculated by measuring change in the phaseangle for the transmission coefficients with respect to change in thefrequency. Group delay is calculated by the following equation:

    GD=-d⊖/dω;                                   (1)

wherein:

GD is the group delay

⊖ is a transmission coefficient phase angle; and

ω is a frequency of the input signal.

However, in many cases it is not feasible to connect both ports of a twoport DUT to a single VNA having two measurement ports. One example ofsuch a two port DUT is a coaxial cable being used in a local areanetwork that is already installed in a building. Another example is acoaxial cable connecting a transmitter/receiver to an antenna. It may bedesirable to test each cable in these examples, but the two ends of thecable may physically reside at locations a significant distance fromeach other. Consequently, it may not be possible to reliably connectboth ends of the cable to a traditional two measurement port VNA formeasuring the transmission coefficients and group delay of the cable.

Further, some measurement devices only include a single measurementport. Conventional techniques of measuring transmission coefficients andgroup delay are not available for such a device. Such a single portmeasurement device is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/362,179, entitled "Handheld Vector Network Analyzer," now U.S. Pat.No. 5,642,039.

Accordingly, a measurement device that can measure the transmissioncoefficient and group delay of a two port DUT by only using a singlemeasurement port would be desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention enables a measurement device to measure thetransmission coefficient and group delay of a bi-directional two portDUT using only one measurement port.

The present invention includes a measurement device using a singlemeasurement port for coupling to a first DUT port. A programmable switchis further employed to provide a variable termination load to a secondDUT port.

By appropriately controlling the programmable switch, the programmableswitch applies either an open at the second DUT port or a short at thesecond DUT port. A processor in the measurement device receives an openreflection coefficient when the programmable switch provides an open anda short reflection coefficient when the programmable switch provides ashort. The processor then calculates a transmission coefficient phaseangle by using the open reflection coefficient and the short reflectioncoefficient measurements.

To calculate group delay the VNA repeats the above described operationsto obtain a plurality of transmission coefficient magnitude andtransmission coefficient phase angle measurements at differentfrequencies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further details of the present invention are explained with the help ofthe attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram of a measurement device and programmableswitch of the present invention as connected to a DUT.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram for the measurement device in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates a process to determine the transmission coefficientand group delay of a bi-directional two port DUT.

FIG. 4 illustrates circuitry of the programmable switch in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a measurement device 100, such as a vector network analyzer(VNA), and a programmable switch 102 connected to a two portbi-directional device under test (DUT) 103. The measurement device 100and the programmable switch 102 combine to provide for measuring atransmission coefficient magnitude value, transmission coefficient phaseangle value, and group delay value for the two port bi-directional DUT103. In one embodiment of the present invention, the measurement device100 and programmable switch 102 are provided together as a transmissioncoefficient measurement kit.

Unlike traditional methods of determining these values, the measurementdevice 100 and programmable switch 102 combine to enable the values tobe calculated by only providing a test signal to the first DUT port 104and making calculations based on measurements taken only from the firstDUT port 104. In contrast to the traditional method for measuringtransmission coefficients, the present invention does not require theuse of a measurement device, such as a VNA, with two measurement ports.

In order to interface to the bi-directional DUT 103, the measurementdevice 100 is equipped with a measurement port 101. The measurement port101 can be connected directly to a first DUT port 104. The measurementdevice 100 provides a test signal to the first DUT port 104 through themeasurement port 101 to enable the measurement of a resulting reflectioncoefficient at the first DUT port 104.

The measurement device 100 also includes a switch interface 107 whichcan transmit a signal from the measurement device 100 to a switch input106 of the programmable switch 102 to control switching of theprogrammable switch 102. In one embodiment of the present invention, theswitch interface 107 is physically connected to the switch input 106through a wire, cable or other physical medium. In an alternateembodiment of the present invention, the switch interface 107 is notphysically connected to the switch input 106 and employs an infraredsignal transmission or other wireless means of signal transmission totransmit signals to the switch input 106.

The programmable switch 102 further includes a load port 113 forconnecting to a second DUT port 105. Through the load port 113, theprogrammable switch 102 provides a variable termination load to thesecond DUT port 105. The variable termination load is connected to theDUT during the time that the measurement device 100 is supplying thetest signal to the first DUT port 104 and making reflection coefficientmeasurements on the first DUT port 104.

The variable termination load has a characteristic impedance controlledto substantially match the characteristic impedance of the second DUTport 105. The variable termination load that is provided by theprogrammable switch 102 is capable of being either an open or a short.In order to set the variable termination load, the programmable switch102 utilizes the switch input 106. In one embodiment, the variabletermination load is a short when the switch input 106 receives a +12volt signal and an open when the switch input 106 receives a -12 voltsignal.

In the course of providing a variable termination load to the second DUTport 105, the programmable switch 102 causes an attenuation of the testsignal passing through the DUT 103. The programmable switch 102 isdesigned so that the attenuation is substantially the same when the loadport 113 is providing either a short or an open termination load to thesecond DUT port 105 with minimal reflections.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of the circuitry for one embodimentof the measurement device 100 in FIG. 1. In FIG. 2 the measurement port101 is coupled to a reflectometer 121 which receives signals from a testsignal generator 122. The reflectometer 121 measures a reflection of atest signal that emanates from the first DUT port 104 through themeasurement port 101. The reflection of the test signal is measured withreference to the test signal to determine a reflection coefficient.

Both the reflectometer 121 and the test signal generator 122 are coupledto a processor 120 through a processor interface bus 128. The processor120 instructs the reflectometer 121 through the interface bus 128 whento measure an incoming signal on the measurement port 101. The processor120 also retrieves reflection coefficient measurements made by thereflectometer 121 through the bus 128. These measurements are used bythe processor 120 to calculate approximate values for the DUT'stransmission coefficient magnitude, transmission coefficient phaseangle, and group delay. The processor 120 also instructs the test signalgenerator 122 when to provide a signal and what frequency the signalshould have through bus 128.

The processor 120 operates in response to program code instructionsresiding in a memory device 123 connected to the processor 120 throughthe interface bus 128. The processor 120 also stores data received fromthe reflectometer 121 as well as other data in memory 123. The memory123 may be a fixed disk drive, or a floppy disk drive that retrievesinstructions and data from a floppy disk. Similarly, the memory 123 maybe a PCMCIA slot that retrieves instructions and data from a PCMCIA cardthat is loaded into the memory 123. The memory 123 may also be a randomaccess memory (RAM) or a read only memory (ROM). In addition toinstructions received from memory, the processor 120 can be controlledfrom a user interface such as a keypad (not shown).

The measurement device may also include a display 108 which receives anddisplays instructions from the processor 120 via interface bus 128.

Also included in the measurement device 100 is a switch signal generator131 which supplies a switch signal to the switch interface 107. Theswitch signal provided by the switch signal generator 131 is transmittedto the switch input 106 by the switch interface 107 to set the variabletermination load of the programmable switch 102 to either an open or ashort. The processor 120 is connected through the interface bus 128 tothe switch signal generator 131 to control its operation to enabletransmission and group delay measurements to be made.

In order to calculate both a transmission coefficient magnitude valueand a transmission coefficient phase angle value, the measurement device100, in conjunction with the programmable switch 102, are employed toexecute a process. One possible embodiment of the process appears inFIG. 3. In order to execute the process in FIG. 3, the processor 120 canreceive data instructions from program code which may be stored inmemory 123 and performs operations in accordance with the received dataand instructions.

The process starts by setting an initial frequency for a test signal instep 199 and proceeding to an open measurement step 200. In openmeasurement step 200 the measurement device 100 measures a reflectioncoefficient defined here as an "open reflection coefficient" at thefirst DUT port 104, while the second DUT port 105 is terminated in anopen using programmable switch 102, or other means.

In a subsequent short measurement step 201, the measurement device 100measures a reflection coefficient defined here as a "short reflectioncoefficient" at the first DUT port 104, while the second DUT port 105 isterminated in a short using the programmable switch 102, or other means.

Once the measurement device 100 has measured both the open reflectioncoefficient and short reflection coefficient for the DUT 103, themeasurement device 100, in a transmission coefficient calculation step202, calculates both a transmission coefficient magnitude value and atransmission coefficient phase angle value for the DUT 103. In order tomake these calculations, the measurement device 100 relies on thefollowing equation: ##EQU1## wherein: Γ_(m) is the reflectioncoefficient measured from the first port 104 of the DUT 103;

Γ_(c) is the known reflection coefficient for a calibration standard;and

S_(xy) is equivalent to |S_(xy) |_(e) ^(-j)Θ.sbsp.xy, where |S_(xy) | isthe magnitude component of the S_(xy) S-parameter and

⊖_(xy) is the phase angle component of the S_(xy) S-parameter.

When the second DUT port 105 is terminated in an open, the knownreflection coefficient (Γ_(c)) is equal to 1. When the second DUT port105 is terminated in a short, the known reflection of the coefficient(Γ_(c)) is equal to -1.

In light of equation 2, subtracting the short refection coefficient ofthe DUT (Γ_(s)) from the open reflection coefficient of the DUT (Γ_(o))yields the following: ##EQU2##

In the case of the bi-directional DUT 103, which will be utilized withthe present invention to enable determination of the transmissioncoefficients S₁₂ and S₂₁ from equation 3, transmission coefficients S₂₁and S₁₂ are substantially equal. Accordingly, equation 3 can be writtenas follows: ##EQU3##

Since the programmable switch 102 is connected to the second DUT port105, the reflection coefficients of the DUT measured by the measurementdevice 100 are affected by the attached programmable switch 102. In oneembodiment of the present invention, the load port 113 is designed tohave a characteristic impedance that substantially matches thecharacteristic impedance of the second DUT port 105. As a result, thesignal reflections caused by the connection between the load port 113and the second DUT port 105 are minimized, and can be ignored incalculating the transmission coefficient of the DUT 103. However, theattenuation provided by the programmable switch will have to beconsidered in determining the transmission coefficient of the DUT 103.To take into account this series attenuation, represented here as "A",equation 3 can be rewritten as follows: ##EQU4##

In order to calculate accurate approximate values for the transmissioncoefficient magnitude and transmission coefficient phase angle, theattenuation for the programmable switch 102 (A) is selected so that thefollowing relationship is true:

    (S.sub.22).sup.2 A.sup.4 <<1                               (6)

In one embodiment, A is selected as 10 dB to enable ignoring S₂₂reflections of a typical DUT. For greater accuracy when ignoring the S₂₂reflections, A may be made greater than 10 dB. The attenuation (A) canbe provided in the programmable switch 102, or by an attenuatormechanically connected to an open and then a short. With A set to reducethe effect of S₂₂, and considering equation 4, equation 5 can be writtenas follows:

    Γ.sub.o -Γ.sub.s =2(S.sub.21).sup.2 A.sup.2    (7)

In order to determine approximations of the magnitude and phase angle ofthe transmission coefficient for the DUT 103 (S₂₁), equation 7 can bewritten as follows:

    |Γ.sub.o -Γ.sub.s |e.sup.-j⊖.sbsp.o-s =2|S.sub.21 |.sup.2 A.sup.2 (e.sup.-j⊖.sbsp.21).sup.2                         (8)

    |Γ.sub.o -Γ.sub.s |e.sup.-j⊖.sbsp.o-s =2|S.sub.21 |.sup.2 A.sup.2 e.sup.-j2⊖.sbsp.21(9)

wherein:

    |Γ.sub.o -Γ.sub.s |=2|S.sub.21 |.sup.2 A.sup.2                                  (10)

    e.sup.-j⊖.sbsp.o-s =e.sup.-j2⊖.sbsp.21     (11)

|Γ_(o) -Γ_(s) | is the magnitude of the difference between the openreflection coefficient of the DUT (Γ_(s)) and short reflectioncoefficient of the DUT (Γ_(s));

⊖_(o-s) is the phase angle of the difference between the open reflectionof the DUT (Γ_(o)) and the short reflection coefficient of the DUT(Γ_(s));

|S₂₁ | is the magnitude of the DUT's 103 transmission coefficient; and

⊖₂₁ is the phase angle of the DUT's 103 transmission coefficient.

In order to solve for a coefficient magnitude value for the DUT 103,equation number 10 can be rewritten as follows: ##EQU5## Equation 12 canalso be rewritten in terms of logarithms as follows: ##EQU6## wherein:20 log |S₂₁ | is an approximate value for the transmission coefficientmagnitude in decibels.

In order to determine an approximate value for the transmissioncoefficient phase angle, equation 11 can be rewritten as follows:##EQU7##

To determine the transmission coefficient, in the calculation step 202of FIG. 3, the processor 120 is controlled to retrieve the openreflection coefficient of the DUT 103 (Γ₀) and the short reflectioncoefficient of the DUT 103 (Γ_(s)). The processor 120 then subtracts theshort reflection coefficient from the open reflection coefficient toobtain a difference. As stated previously, the difference has amagnitude (|Γ₀ -Γ_(s) |) and a phase angle (⊖_(o-s)).

Once the difference is determined, the processor 120 is controlled tocalculate an approximate value for the DUT's 103 transmissioncoefficient magnitude using equation 13, or if decibels are desired byusing equation 16. The processor 120 may also be controlled to calculatean approximate value for the DUT's 103 transmission coefficient phaseangle (⊖₂₁) by using equation 19.

After completing the transmission coefficient calculation step 202, ifenough frequencies have been used and a group delay measurement isdesired as determined in step 203, the processor 120 can calculate groupdelay in step 204. Group delay is defined as the change in thetransmission coefficient phase angle of the DUT 103 with respect to thechange in the frequency of the test signal. A group delay for the DUT103 can therefore be calculated by using the following equations:##EQU8## wherein: GD_(DUT) is an approximate value for the group delayof the DUT 103.

ω₂ is a second frequency of the test signal provided by the measurementdevice 100.

ω₁ is a first frequency of the test signal provided by the measurementdevice 100 less recently than the second frequency.

⊖_(0-s)(1) is the phase angle of the difference between the measuredopen reflection coefficient of the DUT 103 and the measured shortreflection coefficient of the DUT 103 when the test signal has afrequency ω₁.

⊖_(0-s)(2) is the phase angle of the difference between the measuredopen reflection coefficient of the DUT 103 and the measured shortreflection coefficient of the DUT 103 when the test signal has afrequency ω₂.

In the group delay calculation step 204, the processor 120 is controlledto calculate an approximate group delay value (GD_(DUT)) by executingthe operation set forth in equation 21. In order to make the calculationin equation 21, the processor 120 first retrieves ⊖_(o-s)(2),⊖_(o-s)(1), ω₂, and ω₁.

After steps 203 or 204, if more measurements are desired at morefrequencies as determined in step 205, the measurement device 100 thenchanges the frequency of its test signal in step 206. Once the frequencyis altered, the processor 120 is controlled to return to the openmeasurement calculation step 200 and repeat the same operations aspreviously described.

If no additional frequencies are desired, the program ends andtransmission coefficient magnitude values, approximate transmissioncoefficient phase angle values, and group delay values for the DUT 103can be represented visually on display 108. In addition, results can bestored in memory 123 or used in subsequent calculations in the processor120.

FIG. 4 displays one embodiment of the circuitry for the programmableswitch 102 in FIG. 1. The switch input 106 is adapted to receive aswitch signal that will determine whether the variable termination loadprovided at the load port 113 is an open or a short. Switch input 106 iscoupled to a first end of a start-up resistor 149. Start-up resistor 149is coupled on a second end to a first end of a first isolation capacitor147, a first end of a second isolation capacitor 148, a first end of athird isolation capacitor 145, and a first end of a fourth isolationcapacitor 146. The second ends of isolation capacitors 145 and 147 arecoupled to a first end of a first parallel load resistor 141 and toground. The second ends of isolation capacitors 146 and 148 are coupledto a first end of a second parallel load resistor 142 and to ground. Thesecond end of resistor 149 is further coupled to an anode of a diode143. A cathode of the diode 143 is coupled to a second end of resistor141, a second end of the resistor 142, and a first end of a serial loadresistor 140. A second end of the serial load resistor 140 is coupled tothe load port 113.

In FIG. 4, an inductor 144 is shown to be coupled between the anode ofdiode 143 and resistor 149. The inductor 144 represents an inherentinductance that exists in the connection between the resistor 149 andthe diode 143. When the load port 113 of the programmable switch 102 isconfigured to provide an open termination load, the inductance of theinherent inductor 144 will not be seen by the second DUT port 105. Whenthe load port 113 of the programmable switch 102 is configured toprovide a short termination load, the inductance of the inherentinductor 144 will be seen by the second DUT port 105.

Accordingly, the connection between the diode 143 and the resistor 149should be formed so as to minimize the inductance of the inherentinductor 144. By minimizing the inductance, the load port 113 is able tohave a characteristic impedance that better matches the characteristicimpedance of the second DUT port 105. In one embodiment of the presentinvention, the inherent inductor 144 only has an inductance of 0.2 nH,which has a negligible affect on the test signal and enables thetransmission coefficient and group delay values to be accuratelycalculated by the measurement device 100 without accounting for theinductance.

The isolation capacitors 145, 146, 147, and 148 are provided to isolatethe load port 113 from any alternating current elements that exist inthe signal being provided at the switch input 106. The resistor 149 setsa voltage level on the anode of the diode 143, in response to a switchsignal being provided at the switch input 106.

A short is provided as the termination load at the load port 113 whenthe switch input 106 receives a switch signal that causes the diode 143to become forward biased. An open is provided as the termination load atthe load port 113 when the switch input 106 receives a switch signalthat causes the diode 143 to be reversed biased. In one embodiment ofthe present invention, the diode 143 is forward biased when a +12 voltsignal is applied to the switch input 106, and the diode 143 is reversedbiased when a -12 volt signal is applied to the switch input 106.

When the diode 143 is reversed biased, the characteristic impedance ofthe programmable switch 102, as seen at the load port 113, is determinedby the following equation: ##EQU9## wherein: R_(o) is the characteristicimpedance seen at the load port 113 when the diode 143 is reverse biasedto provide an open;

R₁₄₁ is the resistance of resistor 141;

R₁₄₂ is the resistance of resistor 142; and

R₁₄₀ is the resistance of resistor 140.

When the diode 143 is forwarded bias, the characteristic impedance ofthe programmable switch 102, as seen at the load port 113, is determinedby the following equation: ##EQU10## wherein: R_(s) is thecharacteristic impedance seen at the load port 113 when the diode 143 isforward biased to provide a short; and

R_(D) is the resistance of the diode 143, which is typically 1Ω.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the programmable switch 102is designed so that the characteristic impedance of the programmableswitch 102 is substantially equal to the characteristic impedance of aDUT 103 to which it is connected. This is achieved by minimizing theamount of inductance and capacitance that is seen at the load port 113,when the programmable switch 102 provides either an open load or a shortload.

A voltage standing wave ratio at the load port 113 of the programmableswitch 102 can be determined by using the following equations: ##EQU11##wherein: SWR_(o) is the standing wave ratio at the load port 113 whenthe programmable switch 102 is providing an open;

SWR_(s) is the standing wave ratio at the load port 113 when theprogrammable switch 102 is providing a short; and

R₁₀₅ is the characteristic impedance of the second DUT port 105.

The return loss values for the programmable switch 102 can then becalculated in decibels using the following equations: ##EQU12## wherein:RL_(o) is the return loss of the programmable switch 102 when theprogrammable switch 102 is providing an open; and

RL_(s) is the return loss of the programmable switch 102 when theprogrammable switch 102 is providing a short.

From the return loss values at the load port 113, the actual attenuationprovided by the programmable switch 102 can be determined by using thefollowing equations: ##EQU13## wherein: A_(o) is the actual attenuationof the programmable switch in decibels when the programmable switch 102is providing an open; and

A_(s) is the actual attenuation of the programmable switch in decibelswhen the programmable switch 102 is providing a short.

The components of the programmable switch should be selected so thatA_(o) is substantially equal to A_(s). Accordingly, the singleattenuation factor A, where A ≅A_(o) ≅A_(s), can be used by themeasurement device 100 to calculate approximate values for thetransmission coefficient and group delay of the DUT.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the attenuation factor (A)employed by the measurement device 100 in its calculations is 10 dB, andthe characteristic impedance of the second DUT port 105 (R₁₀₅) isassumed to be 50Ω. In such an embodiment of the present invention, thefollowing values may be selected for the components of the programmableswitch 102:

resistor 140=40.2Ω

resistor 141=43.2Ω

resister 142=39.2Ω

inductor 144=0.2 nH

capacitor 147=1,100 pf

capacitor 148=0.01 μf

capacitor 145=220 pf

capacitor 146=220 pf

resistor 149=562Ω

When the aforementioned values are used, the following results occur:

R_(o) =60.7515Ω

R_(S) =41.1536Ω

SWR_(o) =1.215 .left brkt-bot.0°

SWR_(s) =1.215 .left brkt-bot.180°

RL_(o) =20.258 dB .left brkt-bot.0°

RL_(s) =20.260 dB .left brkt-bot.180°

A_(o) =10.129 dB

A_(s) =10.130 dB

In selecting the values for components, it is important to select valuesso that R_(o) and R_(s) substantially match the characteristic impedanceof the second DUT port 105 (R₁₀₅). Having R_(o) and R_(s) substantiallymatch the characteristic impedance of the second DUT port 105 minimizestest signal reflections at the connection between the second DUT port105 and the load port 113.

Finally, the load port 113 should be formed so that it provides only aminimal amount of stray capacitance to the second DUT port 105 to assureaccurate measurements. In one embodiment of the present invention, thestray capacitance at the load port 113 is limited to 0.5 pf.

Although the invention has been described above with particularity, thiswas merely to teach one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use theinvention. Many modifications will fall within the scope of theinvention, as that scope is defined by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A transmission coefficient measurement kit formeasuring a transmission coefficient of a bi-directional DUT, the kitcomprising:a programmable switch for selectively providing a short or anopen to a second port of said DUT; and a measurement device including:areflectometer having a measurement port for coupling to a first port ofthe DUT, and a processor for coupling to said reflectometer andprogrammable switch, said processor configured for providing a switchcontrol signal to cause the programmable switch to provide an open andthen receiving a first open reflection coefficient from thereflectometer and for providing the switch control signal to cause theprogrammable switch to provide a short and then receiving a first shortreflection coefficient from the reflectometer, the processor thencalculating a first transmission coefficient magnitude value for saidDUT by using said first open reflection coefficient and said first shortreflection coefficient.
 2. The kit of claim 1, wherein said processorcalculates said first transmission coefficient magnitude value by usingthe following equation: ##EQU14## wherein: |S₂₁ | is the firsttransmission coefficient magnitude value,A is an attenuation provided bythe programmable switch, Γ₀(1) is the first open reflection coefficient,Γ_(s)(1) is the first short reflection coefficient, and |Γ_(o)(1)-Γ_(s)(1) | is a magnitude of a value derived from subtracting Γ_(s)(1)from Γ₀(1).
 3. The kit of claim 1, wherein said processor is furtheradapted to calculate a first transmission coefficient phase angle valuefor said DUT using said first open reflection coefficient and said firstshort reflection coefficient.
 4. The kit of claim 3 wherein saidprocessor is adapted to calculate said first transmission coefficientphase angle value using the following equation: ##EQU15## wherein: ⊖₋s(1) is a phase angle of a value derived from subtracting the firstshort reflection coefficient from the first open reflection coefficient,and⊖₂₁(1) is the first transmission coefficient phase angle value. 5.The kit of claim 1,wherein said reflectometer provides a first frequencysignal enabling measurement of the first open reflection coefficient andthe first short reflection coefficient and further provides a secondfrequency signal, wherein said processor is controlled to provide asignal to cause the programmable switch to provide an open and then tomeasure a second open reflection coefficient during application of thesecond frequency signal, and wherein said processor is controlled toprovide a signal to cause the programmable switch to provide a short andthen to measure a second short reflection coefficient during applicationof the second frequency signal, and wherein said processor is furthercontrolled to calculate a group delay value utilizing the first andsecond open reflection coefficients and the first and second shortreflection coefficients.
 6. The kit of claim 5, wherein said processorcalculates said group delay value using the following equation:##EQU16## wherein: GD_(DUT) is said group delay value,⊖₋ s(2) is a phaseangle of a value derived from subtracting the second short reflectioncoefficient from the second open reflection coefficient, ⊖₋ s(1) is aphase angle of a value derived from subtracting the first shortreflection coefficient from the first open reflection coefficient, ω₁ isa frequency of the first frequency signal, and ω₂ is a frequency of thesecond frequency signal.
 7. The kit of claim 1, wherein saidprogrammable switch includes:a switch input for receiving the switchcontrol signal; and a diode having an anode coupled to said switch inputand a cathode for coupling to the second port of said DUT, saidprogrammable switch providing the short when said switch control signalreceived at said switch input causes said diode to be forward biased andthe open when said switch control signal causes said diode to be reversebiased.
 8. A method for measuring an approximate transmissioncoefficient for a two port bi-directional device under test ("DUT"),said method comprising:measuring an open reflection coefficient at afirst port of said DUT with a second port of said DUT terminated in aseries connected attenuator and an open; measuring a short reflectioncoefficient at the first port of said DUT with the second port of saidDUT terminated in a series connected said attenuator and a short;calculating a transmission coefficient magnitude value by using thefollowing equation: ##EQU17## wherein: |S₂₁ | is the transmissioncoefficient magnitude value, A is an attenuation value for theattenuator, Γ₀ is the open reflection coefficient, Γ_(r) is the shortreflection coefficient, and |Γ₀ -Γ_(s) | is a magnitude of a valuederived from subtracting the short reflection coefficient from the openreflection coefficient.
 9. The method of claim 8, further includingcalculating a transmission coefficient phase angle value, using thefollowing equation: ##EQU18## wherein: Γ_(o-s) is a phase angle of thevalue derived from subtracting the short reflection coefficient from theopen reflection coefficient, andΓ₂₁ is said transmission coefficientphase angle value.
 10. An article of manufacture comprising:a storagemedium having processor readable program code embodied therein forcausing a processor to determine a transmission coefficient for a twoport bi-directional device under test (DUT), said processor readableprogram code comprising: (a) processor readable code for causing saidprocessor to generate a signal indicating a second port of said DUTshould be terminated in an open; (b) processor readable program code forcausing said processor to measure an open reflection coefficient at afirst port of said DUT after step (a); (c) processor readable code forcausing said processor to generate a signal indicating the second portof said DUT should be terminated in a short; (d) processor readableprogram code for causing said processor to measure a short reflectioncoefficient at the first port of said DUT after step (c); (e) processorreadable program code for causing the processor to calculate atransmission coefficient magnitude by using the following equation:##EQU19## wherein: |S₂₁ | is the transmission coefficient magnitudevalue, A is an attenuation value, Γ₀ is the open reflection coefficient,Γ_(s) is the short reflection coefficient, and |Γ₀ -Γ_(s) | is amagnitude of a value derived from subtracting the short reflectioncoefficient from the open reflection coefficient.
 11. The article ofmanufacture of claim 10, wherein said processor readable program codefurther includes:processor readable program code for causing saidprocessor to calculate a transmission coefficient phase angle value,using the following equation: ##EQU20## wherein: Γ₋ s is a phase angleof the value derived from subtracting the short reflection coefficientfrom the open reflection coefficient, and Γ₂₁ is said transmissioncoefficient phase angle value.
 12. The article of manufacture of claim10, wherein said article of manufacture is a floppy disk.